Possessing a multi-level social structure, Rhinopithecus roxellana groups are composed of one-male units (OMUs) and associated all-male units (AMUs) (Qi et al. 2010). The OMU is the basic reproductive unit consisting of one breeding leader male, a number of adult females, and their offspring. Affliation behaviors or noticeable cooperative behaviors are often observed between leader males and members within the OMU (Zhang et al. 2012). Although leader males belong to different OMUs, affliation interactions or cooperative acts among leader males sometimes occur when males defend their females or food resources or repel other males from immigration into the unit (Zhao and Li 2009; Li and Zhao, 2007). While a series of studies on affiliation and conflict interaction have been conducted, only one study on R. roxellana has analyzed the possible occurrence of postconflict behavior, with the focus on reconciliation among females (Zhang et al. 2010 ). In the present study, we examined whether a free-ranging, provisioned group of the relatively egalitarian R. roxellana (He et al. 2013) exhibited reconciliation or affiliation behaviors involving third parties.
Postconflict behavior in free-ranging R. roxellana leader males follows a different pattern to that observed in females, even though the frequencies of aggression among males and among females are both low (Zhang et al. 2010); affiliative contact between former opponents involving another leader male occurred infrequently during the minute immediately after conflict, neither victims nor aggressors took the initiative to reconcile, and no another leader male initiated affiliation contact with the victim. These phenomena might be restricted to the social roles and functions of R. roxellana leader males. The leader males belonged to different social units as each OMU had an independent social system. Additionally, dominance rank order existed among the different units in our focal group, with each leader male able to recognize his own status in a short period of time (Li et al. 2006). These factors reduce the importance of reciprocal altruism in male behavior. Unlike females, males rarely try to establish long-lasting amicable relationships with each other (Ren et al. 1991), and consequently R. roxellana might be considered a nontolerant species with regard to relationships among leader males.
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While JAWS is still the most popular screen reader, it has seen a significant decline in primary usage - down to 49% from 66.4% in October 2009 and 59.2% in December 2010. Window-Eyes and ZoomText saw small increases in primary screen reader usage while VoiceOver saw a small decrease in usage. NVDA saw continued increase in usage, up to 13.7% from 2.9% in 2009 and 8.6% in 2010 (a nearly 500% increase in just 2.5 years). Perhaps most surprising is the significant increase in usage of System Access or System Access to Go, jumping to 10.4% from only 4.7% in December 2010.
If you already own version 10, this is a free update for you. If you've got ZoomText set to download updates automatically, you're good to go. The next time you launch ZoomText, it will install the update for you. Otherwise, go to the Help menu and choose "Check for Program Updates."
iBooks is Apple's free book reading application present on all of its devices. iBooks enables you to utilize your iTunes account to browse its online bookstore to search and purchase books. Some iBooks content is free, but much of it has costs for acquiring and downloading publications. When a purchase is required, iBooks does allow you to download a sample of the publication that you are considering purchasing.
One of the newer features that Apple provides is a free authoring tool for individuals to put their own content into an iBook format. People wishing to do this may download this free application to their Macintosh computer and place text, photos, animation, etc. into an iBook format. Apple describes the process as "dragging and dropping" content into the application, which automatically formats and creates an iBook. I have had limited to no experience using this tool and cannot offer an educated opinion as to whether or not this authoring tool is accessible to vision impaired individuals wishing to create their own iBooks. Apple does allow for aspiring authors or even service providers wishing to make syllabi or class content accessible in iBook format the ability to take advantage of all the built-in access features of Voiceover to release an accessible publication to its users.
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